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1 рама
fFRA ChâssisDEU Untergestell mENG UnderframeITA TelaioPLN OstojaRUS РамаFRA cadre mDEU Rahmen mENG frameITA ossatura fPLN rama fRUS рама fсм. поз. 1224 на,
FRA châssis m de porte-wagonDEU Rahmen mENG underframeITA telaio mPLN rama fRUS рама fсм. поз. 2683 нарама вентиляционного люка, наружная
—FRA cadre m extérieur de baieDEU Laderahmen mITA cornice f esterna dello sportelloRUS рама f вентиляционного люка, наружнаясм. поз. 1375 нарама вентиляционной решётки, внутренняя
—FRA cadre m intérieurDEU Innenrahmen m für LüftungseinrichtungENG inside frameITA cornice f internaPLN rama f wewnętrzna otworuRUS рама f вентиляционной решётки, внутренняясм. поз. 1368 на—FRA chàssis m mobileDEU Fensterrahmen m, obererITA telaino m mobilePLN rama f części opuszczanej oknaRUS рама f верхней оконной створкисм. поз. 1316 нарама гармоники, пристенная
—FRA cadre m de fixationDEU Rahmen m, festerENG securing frameITA quadro m di fissaggioPLN rama f przy ścienna harmoniiRUS рама f гармоники, пристеннаясм. поз. 1464 на,
рама гармоники, соединительная
—FRA cadre m d’accouplementDEU Faltenbalgrahmen mENG connecting frameITA quadro m d'accoppiamentoPLN rama f sprzęgowa harmoniiRUS рама f гармоники, соединительнаясм. поз. 1466 на,
—FRA châssis m pour wagonsENG wagon underframeITA telaio m per carriPLN ostoja f wagonu towarowegoRUS рама f грузового вагонасм. поз. 368 на,
—FRA cadre m de porteENG door frameITA cornice f della portaPLN rama f drzwiRUS рама f дверисм. поз. 919 наFRA châssis m de porteDEU Türrahmen mENG door frameITA intelaiatura f della portaPLN rama f drzwiRUS рама f дверисм. поз. 1185 на,
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—FRA cadre m de siègeDEU Sitzrahmen mENG seat frameITA telaio m del divanoPLN rama f kanapyRUS рама f диванасм. поз. 1742 на,
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FRA châssis m de siègeDEU Sitzgestellwange fENG seat frameITA telaio m del divanoPLN szkielet m kanapyRUS рама f диванасм. поз. 1744 на—FRA ossature fDEU Gerippe nENG frameworkITA ossatura fPLN ramka f drzwiczekRUS рама f люкасм. поз. 1417 на—FRA chàssis m fixeDEU Fensterrahmen m, untererITA telaino m fissoPLN rama f części stałej oknaRUS рама f нижней оконной створкисм. поз. 1314 на—FRA traverse f de demi-fenêtre mobileITA traversa f superiore della finestra mobilePLN rama f części opuszczanej oknaRUS рама f опускающейся части окнасм. поз. 1337 на—FRA chàssis m pour véhicules à voyageursDEU Untergestell m für PersonenwagenENG coach underframeITA telaio m per carrozzePLN ostoja f wagonu osobowegoRUS рама f пассажирского вагонасм. поз. 351 на—FRA cadre m de cloisonENG partition frameITA cornice f della paretePLN rama f ściankiRUS рама f перегородкисм. поз. 915 нарама подвески тормозного электромагнита
—FRA support m du dispositifDEU Magnetträger mITA supporto m del dispositivoPLN belka f zawieszenia magnesuRUS рама f подвески тормозного электромагнитасм. поз. 771 на—FRA cadre m de grilleDEU Rahmen m für GepäckablageITA telaio m della grigliaPLN rama f półkiRUS рама f полкисм. поз. 1732 на—FRA cadre m de grille porte- manteauxDEU Mantelbügel mENG luggage rackITA telaio m della griglia attaccapanniPLN rama f półki na płaszczeRUS рама f полки для одеждысм. поз. 1752 на—FRA cadre m de grille porte-chapeauxDEU Hutablagebügel mENG hat-rack frameITA telaio m della griglia portabagagli (inferiore)PLN rama f półki na kapeluszeRUS рама f полки для шляпсм. поз. 1750 на—FRA cadre mDEU Rahmen m für Einbauleuchte fENG frameITA supporto mPLN rama f lampyRUS рама f светильникасм. поз. 2169 на—FRA support m de siègeDEU Sitzgestell nENG seat bracketITA sostegno m di sedilePLN wspornik m kanapyRUS рама f сидениясм. поз. 1724 на,
—FRA cadre m de dossierDEU Rückenlehnenrahmen mENG seat-back frameITA telaio m dello schienalePLN rama f oparciaRUS рама f спинки сидениясм. поз. 1740 на—FRA cadre m de vantailDEU Türrahmen mENG door frameITA telaio m del battentePLN rama f skrzydła drzwiRUS рама f створки дверисм. поз. 1193 на—FRA châssis m du bogieDEU Drehgestellrahmen mENG bogie frameITA telaio m del carrelloPLN ostoja f wózkaRUS рама f тележкисм. поз. 252 на,
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FRA châssis m porteurDEU Tragrahmen mENG supporting frameITA telaio m portantePLN rama f wózkaRUS рама f тележкисм. поз. 2812 на—FRA châssis m du véhiculeDEU Fahrzeugrahmen mITA telaio m del veicoloPLN ostoja f pojazduRUS рама f экипажасм. поз. 770 на—FRA châssis m de glacièreDEU Rahmen m für EisbehälterITA telaio m della ghiacciaiaPLN rama f zbiornika na lódRUS рама f ящика для льдарама, нижняя
—FRA cadre m de plancherDEU Bodenrahmen mENG floor frameITA telaio m del pavimentoPLN rama f dolnaRUS рама f, нижняясм. поз. 2865 на,
рама, оконная
—FRA cadre m de baieDEU Einfaßrahmen m für FensterENG window frameITA cornice f della finestraPLN rama f okiennaRUS рама f, оконнаясм. поз. 908 на,
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FRA châssis m de fenêtreDEU Fensterrahmen mENG window frameITA telaio m della finestraPLN rama f okiennaRUS рама f, оконнаясм. поз. 1347 на -
2 Worsdell, Nathaniel
[br]b. 10 October 1809 London, Englandd. 24 July 1886 Birkenhead, England[br]English coachbuilder and inventor.[br]Worsdell \& Son, Coachbuilders, was set up in Liverpool by Thomas Clarke Worsdell and his son Nathaniel in 1827. They were introduced to George Stephenson and built the tender for Rocket. More importantly, they designed and built for the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway coaches of a type comprising three coach bodies, of contemporary road-coach pattern, mounted together on a rail-wagon underframe. This became the prototype for the conventional, compartment railway coach. Nathaniel Worsdell subsequently became Carriage Superintendent of the Grand Junction Railway and patented the first mail-bag-exchange apparatus early in 1838. The terms he required for its use by the Post Office were too steep, however, and the first bagexchange apparatus of the type subsequently used extensively on British railways was designed later the same year by John Ramsey, a senior Post Office clerk.[br]Further ReadingJ.Marshall, 1978, A Biographical Dictionary of Railway Engineers, Newton Abbot: David \& Charles (the article on Worsdell is derived from family records).C.Hamilton Ellis, 1958, Twenty Locomotive Men, Shepperton: Ian Allan.P.J.G.Ransom, 1990, The Victorian Railway and How It Evolved, London: Heinemann.PJGR -
3 Gresley, Sir Herbert Nigel
[br]b. 19 June 1876 Edinburgh, Scotlandd. 5 April 1941 Hertford, England[br]English mechanical engineer, designer of the A4-class 4–6–2 locomotive holding the world speed record for steam traction.[br]Gresley was the son of the Rector of Netherseale, Derbyshire; he was educated at Marlborough and by the age of 13 was skilled at making sketches of locomotives. In 1893 he became a pupil of F.W. Webb at Crewe works, London \& North Western Railway, and in 1898 he moved to Horwich works, Lancashire \& Yorkshire Railway, to gain drawing-office experience under J.A.F.Aspinall, subsequently becoming Foreman of the locomotive running sheds at Blackpool. In 1900 he transferred to the carriage and wagon department, and in 1904 he had risen to become its Assistant Superintendent. In 1905 he moved to the Great Northern Railway, becoming Superintendent of its carriage and wagon department at Doncaster under H.A. Ivatt. In 1906 he designed and produced a bogie luggage van with steel underframe, teak body, elliptical roof, bowed ends and buckeye couplings: this became the prototype for East Coast main-line coaches built over the next thirty-five years. In 1911 Gresley succeeded Ivatt as Locomotive, Carriage \& Wagon Superintendent. His first locomotive was a mixed-traffic 2–6–0, his next a 2–8–0 for freight. From 1915 he worked on the design of a 4–6–2 locomotive for express passenger traffic: as with Ivatt's 4 4 2s, the trailing axle would allow the wide firebox needed for Yorkshire coal. He also devised a means by which two sets of valve gear could operate the valves on a three-cylinder locomotive and applied it for the first time on a 2–8–0 built in 1918. The system was complex, but a later simplified form was used on all subsequent Gresley three-cylinder locomotives, including his first 4–6–2 which appeared in 1922. In 1921, Gresley introduced the first British restaurant car with electric cooking facilities.With the grouping of 1923, the Great Northern Railway was absorbed into the London \& North Eastern Railway and Gresley was appointed Chief Mechanical Engineer. More 4–6– 2s were built, the first British class of such wheel arrangement. Modifications to their valve gear, along lines developed by G.J. Churchward, reduced their coal consumption sufficiently to enable them to run non-stop between London and Edinburgh. So that enginemen might change over en route, some of the locomotives were equipped with corridor tenders from 1928. The design was steadily improved in detail, and by comparison an experimental 4–6–4 with a watertube boiler that Gresley produced in 1929 showed no overall benefit. A successful high-powered 2–8–2 was built in 1934, following the introduction of third-class sleeping cars, to haul 500-ton passenger trains between Edinburgh and Aberdeen.In 1932 the need to meet increasing road competition had resulted in the end of a long-standing agreement between East Coast and West Coast railways, that train journeys between London and Edinburgh by either route should be scheduled to take 8 1/4 hours. Seeking to accelerate train services, Gresley studied high-speed, diesel-electric railcars in Germany and petrol-electric railcars in France. He considered them for the London \& North Eastern Railway, but a test run by a train hauled by one of his 4–6–2s in 1934, which reached 108 mph (174 km/h), suggested that a steam train could better the railcar proposals while its accommodation would be more comfortable. To celebrate the Silver Jubilee of King George V, a high-speed, streamlined train between London and Newcastle upon Tyne was proposed, the first such train in Britain. An improved 4–6–2, the A4 class, was designed with modifications to ensure free running and an ample reserve of power up hill. Its streamlined outline included a wedge-shaped front which reduced wind resistance and helped to lift the exhaust dear of the cab windows at speed. The first locomotive of the class, named Silver Link, ran at an average speed of 100 mph (161 km/h) for 43 miles (69 km), with a maximum speed of 112 1/2 mph (181 km/h), on a seven-coach test train on 27 September 1935: the locomotive went into service hauling the Silver Jubilee express single-handed (since others of the class had still to be completed) for the first three weeks, a round trip of 536 miles (863 km) daily, much of it at 90 mph (145 km/h), without any mechanical troubles at all. Coaches for the Silver Jubilee had teak-framed, steel-panelled bodies on all-steel, welded underframes; windows were double glazed; and there was a pressure ventilation/heating system. Comparable trains were introduced between London Kings Cross and Edinburgh in 1937 and to Leeds in 1938.Gresley did not hesitate to incorporate outstanding features from elsewhere into his locomotive designs and was well aware of the work of André Chapelon in France. Four A4s built in 1938 were equipped with Kylchap twin blast-pipes and double chimneys to improve performance still further. The first of these to be completed, no. 4468, Mallard, on 3 July 1938 ran a test train at over 120 mph (193 km/h) for 2 miles (3.2 km) and momentarily achieved 126 mph (203 km/h), the world speed record for steam traction. J.Duddington was the driver and T.Bray the fireman. The use of high-speed trains came to an end with the Second World War. The A4s were then demonstrated to be powerful as well as fast: one was noted hauling a 730-ton, 22-coach train at an average speed exceeding 75 mph (120 km/h) over 30 miles (48 km). The war also halted electrification of the Manchester-Sheffield line, on the 1,500 volt DC overhead system; however, anticipating eventual resumption, Gresley had a prototype main-line Bo-Bo electric locomotive built in 1941. Sadly, Gresley died from a heart attack while still in office.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1936. President, Institution of Locomotive Engineers 1927 and 1934. President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers 1936.Further ReadingF.A.S.Brown, 1961, Nigel Gresley, Locomotive Engineer, Ian Allan (full-length biography).John Bellwood and David Jenkinson, Gresley and Stanier. A Centenary Tribute (a good comparative account).See also: Bulleid, Oliver Vaughan SnellPJGRBiographical history of technology > Gresley, Sir Herbert Nigel
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4 экипаж
1) General subject: cab, carriage, coach, company (судна), crew (судна), equipage, hand (судна), job (взятые напрокат), motor- cab, rig, ship's company, turn out, vehicle, vehicle (любой), waggon, hands2) Aviation: crew team4) Obsolete: cart, leathern convenience5) Poetical language: car6) Military: aircrew personnel, company (корабля), complement, complement (корабля), (танка) crew7) Law: cabin crew9) Automobile industry: combat crew (боевой машины), crew (военной транспортной машины), team (броневого автомобиля)10) Astronautics: flight crew, manned payload11) Business: team12) Aviation medicine: manned payload (ЛА)13) Makarov: air-crew, conveyance, crew (судна и т.п.), gang, locomotive underframe (локомотива), personnel
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